cfcawn

 tga tɣrmt n cfcawn niɣ ccawn niɣ accawn yat tɣrmt lli ila assaɣ n (tɣrmt tazzgzat) tga  zɣ tɣrmt n iẓẓlmḍ n lmɣrib, tasga  n ṭanja tiṭwan lḥusima. tlla tɣrmt n cfcawn zɣ tasutin lli izrin urta tlli tlalit iklli mlan inagan imrzutn n umzruy d taṛkyulujit, macc tiɣrmt ad tsufa s uẓnẓṛ n tɣrma zg usggʷas n 1471 g tasut n mulay ɛli bn ṛcd, lliɣ  tt iga d tɣrmt iḥḍan imslmn n landalus tsbrrktn lliɣ tn d ṭṭayn isbanyuln, tg awd iɣrm n isardasn afna n ufrag.

illa g  tɣrmt n ccawn yan wanaw n tudrt ɣ tmsasa kigan n tussna d udmawn n kigan n timyurin n ufgan, msasan t tmyurin ad ngrasnt zɣ wahli n tasutin lli izrin, d wafulki ajugṛafi lli dars illan, iga tt asggʷas n 2010 mas tga tiɣrmt tamatart n unagraw n tiram g yill amllal amṛwaṣu zɣ dar  tmaddast n lyunisku. d ula tifrkiwin n tussna d tniḍi d tẓuṛi lli gis illan, ilint gis awd tiɣawsiwin lli igan tin tɣrmt am tiɣawsiwin n tkrza d tniḍi.

tajugṛafit

tlla cfcawn g isil n udrar n lqlɛt, ssutln as taccawin n idrarn am tismlal, buḥaja, maku. tlla taggug 60 id kilu mitṛ iffus aminig n tɣrmt n tiṭwan. ttrs cfcawn f wakal yumẓn g tsna 11.4 id kilu mitr 2 kilumitr zɣ gis tumẓtt tɣrmt n ccawn tazaykut. d isukn lli iffaɣn igudar n tɣrmt tazaykut d kra n tmnaḍin zund tamnaḍt n lɛyun d udrar, d iswak igan zund iduṛan ur irwasn iswak n tɣrmt g ugnsu nns zun asuk n gruzim, turɣin, ḍhṛ bn ɛyyad…

tbḍa tɣiwant n cfcawn f f kṛaḍt tmnaḍin. ilkm uṭṭun n imzdaɣ g tɣiwant n cfcawn  uggar n 57.329 n ufgan iklli imla uzrru n imzdaɣ d tzduɣt asggʷas n 2014.

aẓuṛ n ism 

ikkad wassaɣ n cfcawn taguri tamaziɣt (asawn) niɣ (acawn) lli mi iga unamk nns g tmaziɣt (asawn n udrar) s tutlayt n tɛṛabt (سفح الجبل), taguri ad tmlal kigan i tawlaft nns tajugṛafit. tili awd taguri yaḍnin g tmaziɣt lli imsasan d wassaɣ nns (ccayf n usawn) lli igan (ccayf n ucawn) ccayf g tmaziɣt igat ixf n udrar, d acawn niɣ asawn igat isil n udrar g tutlayt tamaziɣt.s tutlayt n tɛṛabt (  شايف ن أوشاون أوأساون = قمة السفح أوالجبل), tili taguri yaḍnin lli igan (askawn) lli d iffɣn zɣ usuf n (isk) tfk anamk yaḍnin, s tutlayt n tɛṛabt (  أسكاون ايشاون = قرون او مفرده اسك ). macc anamk tusi tguri ad taggug kigan i tawlaft n idrarn n tɣrmt.

amzruy 

g usggʷas n 1471, lliɣ kkusan ibṛṛanin ibrtqqizin tiɣrmawin illan f uftas zund ṭanja d lqṣṛ amẓyan d aẓila, iga nn ugʷrram mulay ɛli bn ṛacd tiggʷas nns ḥma ad nn irar ibrtqqizin ad d ur kcmn s ugnsu n tmurt. tizi ann iskr ugʷrram ad yan uɣudu n isardasn f icuyaf n idrarn lli issutln i tɣrmt n cfcawn. tizi ann tazduɣt n tɣrmt ur bahra tzgi f ufra, lliɣ ad fllas kccmn trubba n indalusin kra iga tt azmz (iklli bdrn warratn srusnin), tg tɣrmt ad tizi ann tga am agadir lli iḥḍan tiɣrmt zɣ iɣwwaɣn ibṛṛanin, tg zund ‘tiɣrmt tafuẓart’.

ilul mulay ɛli bn ṛacd g udwwaṛ n gruzim asggʷas n 1440. idda ugʷrram s landalus lliɣ ilkm ɣ uwtay nns 30 n usggʷas ḥma ad idru g imnɣi lli illan afna n imasiḥin  ḥma ad ḥaman f iwutta n tgldit taɣṛnaṭit. ɣin aɣ itahl s yan tmɣart tkcm asgd n lislam s umaynu lli ilan assaɣ n lalla ẓhṛa zg tɣrmt n  bxir di lafruntira.

g usggʷas n 1456, iwrrid mulay ɛli bn ṛacd s lmɣrib ḥma ad izdaɣ g udwwaṛ nns gruzim, yafd daddas nɣant ibrtqqizin g imnɣi n bujmɛa, immaɣ tizi ann mulay ɛli bn ṛacd s imnɣan lli iskr ḥma ad d irar snat tɣrmawin lli ukrn ibṛṛanin sbta d ṭanja.

ismatti tazduɣt n middn g tɣrmt zɣ tsga tẓlmaḍt n wasif n ṛas lma ar tasga tafasit, gn iswaɣn n mayan iskr iswaɣn istṛatijin, ad zɣ gisn nbdr : ad mlaln i ifri n ṛas lma d ad ilin ddaw uḥṭṭu n icuyaf n idurar lli issutln i tɣrmt.

g uzmz n kraḍt tasutin, tuma tɣrmt llig gis zdaɣn  ibudrarn n tanila nns d middn d yiwrrin zɣ landalus. awd tuma tɣrmt ad s kigan n tmrsal gis bnant tnbaḍin lli s tt iwalan ɣ kra igatt azmz, timzgadiwin d uḥṭṭu n isardasn zɣ kra igatt agadir lli as issutln lli ilan uggan n mraw imawn. g tama n lqṣbt lli ibna mulay ɛli bn ṛacd, ttbna yat tmzdiga tamqrant, lli mi ullsn i tska nns g tasut n sa d mraw, tla tmzgida ad yat tmyaddant ilan atig iɣusn igan tamkkuẓt ar n ttaggʷa f yan usays n luṭa n lḥmmam.

g umzruy, tga tɣrmt n cfcawn  tazaykut  tiɣrmt tamɣribit lli ɣ tumun tussna tamɣribit s kra igatt udm d anaw n tussna tandalusit d fllas ikcmn. zg 1471- 1609, kcmn d s tmdint kigan n imuslmn imɣribin lli d iwrrin zɣ landalus lliɣ tn d ṭṭayn imasiḥin zɣ sbanya. ɣan af tla tɣrma n tmdint kigan n udmawn n tussna imsasan. tṭṭaf tɣrmt ad atig s wafulki n tzdugi dars illan d udɣar agaman abudrar llig tlla. awd aẓkka nns iṭṭf unuɣn d wanawn n tska igan tamɣribit z uẓuṛ lli ifalkin s tifrkiwin n unuɣn lli igan tin tɣrmt, d umsasa n ikʷlan d tgʷmma ifka i tɣrmt yan waddur akswat g tɣrma n lmṛṛuk akkʷ.

timatarin timzray 

 lqṣbt 

nnan warratn n umzruy mas ttawssann iwtta n tɣrmt zɣ tsga lli mi ttinin (عدوة وادي شفشاون) ar asggʷas n 1471, lliɣ bdrn warratn mas taɣrma n cfcawn tssfal g ufus n ugʷrram mulay lfqih bu lḥsn lli ittawssann s bujmɛa. g ḍaṛat nns illa iwis n daddas bulḥsn ɛli bn ṛacd ikmml i twuri nns, allig iga iwtta n tɣrmt g tsga n wasif yaḍnin ( العدوة الاخرى ), ibnu gis lqṣbt nns zdaɣn gis ayt dars d willi t iwalan.

tlla lqṣbt  g tsga n tagut n tɣrmt, tg lqṣbt ad uẓu n tɣrmt amzwaru, lliɣ tt iga mulay ɛli bn ṛacd adɣar n tzduɣt n tawja nns d isardasn nns ḥma ad yili uḥṭṭu zɣ brtqqiz.  aẓkka n lqṣbt, issutl as ugadir f llan mrawt talbṛjin, ig wanaw ann n tska anaw illan g landalus. agnsu n lqṣbt iṭṭf yat turtit tamqrant ifalkin s snat tmdayinn waman. ig usalay atnugṛafi wad yumẓn tasga n iẓẓlmḍ n tagut n lqṣbt. amzruy n usalay ann ar immal mas ittbna g tagara n tasut n 17. ibnat ɛli arifi lwali n ugllid mulay smaɛil f tmnaḍt ann. iga usalay ad amamk n tgʷmma tizaykutin timɣribin lli innuṛẓmn f usarag n ugʷns nns g tlla tala n waman, ssutln as tmṣṛay ilin tiyyaḍ g tdala tis snat.

 asays n luṭa n lḥmmam

iga usays n luṭa n lḥmmam yan usays n umun acfcawni iwala i tɣrmt tazaykut n cfcawn, tg tsna nns 3000 mitru, ig ul n tɣrmt amzruy amallay, d kigan n ibrdan n tɣrmt ar sis ttawin. g umzwaru  iga usays ad yan wammas n ugadaz anmalass, ar gis ttilin middn n tsgiwin n tɣrmt d imzdaɣ n tɣrmt. ur sul igi usays  ad ɣilad agadaz idwr iẓli s tɣawsiwin n tmallayt ilint tsiram g udɣar n tḥuna n tsbbabt. ifalki usays s tala waman gis illan tili ɣ tama nns tmzdiga mqqurn d lqṣbt, g usays ad ag ttilin isfuglutn d inmuggar am : anmuggar n lɣrya n iẓẓlmḍ d unmuggar amaḍlan n umzgun.

timzgida mqquṛn n cfcawn

iswak izaykutn n tɣrmt

asuk n tassuqt

iga usuk ad wis sin iswak lli bahra igan izaykutn g tɣrmt lli ittbnan ḍaṛat n mad ttbna lqṣbt, tmun gis tizi ann 80 n tawja tandalusit llid yiwrrin zɣ landalus tmund d mulay ɛli bn ṛacd lliɣ d yiwrri awd nttan. ila assaɣ ad acku gis yat tassuqt ttbna tagara n tasut tis smmust d mraw. ilint g usuk ad tgʷmma tizaykutin lli ilsan aklu amllal d uzzgza. tg tala n waman lli izdin d uɣʷrab illan g yan uɣʷdmmi n tassuqt tala ilan atig lliɣ tla unuɣn fulkinin lli as d ifal zik.

 asuk n landalus

ittbna usuk ad ḥma ad ig tazduɣt n trabbut tis snat n middn d iwrrin zɣ landalus asggʷas n 1492. g umamk immrwas usuk ad d usuk n tassuqt, macc iẓli usuk n landalus s tska nns taṭubbugrafit s tgʷmma gis illan lli ilan snat tdaliwin niɣd akkʷ kṛaḍt ḥma ad amunt tawjiwin n middn, iṭṭf usuk ad kigan n imawn.

asuk n lɛnṣṛ

iga iflu n lɛnṣṛ awuttu n tɣrmt s tsga n iẓẓlmḍ n tagut zɣ dar ugadir n tɣrmt n cfcawn, agadir ad lli mi ullsn taska nns kigan n tikkal, acku tiɣrmt ar tt unɣl tɣrmt tasutin f tasutin. d imzdaɣ n usuk ad ur udjan amamk n usuk ad s iklli iga, acku iɣ iẓṛa yan talbṛjt n ugadir illan f usuk ad ur trwas talbṛjin ann yaḍn ila ugadir ann f tsga n iswak ann yaḍn, d talbṛjt n usuk ad tga tllast n tlabṛjt tazaykut s tt inn ikkan lli irwasn akud ann talbṛjt n iflu lɛin, awd nttan ar aɣ issktay g umamk nns talbṛjin n tɣṛnaṭt.

asuk n iṣbbann

illa f tsga n ubrid ittawin s ṛas lma. llant g usuk ad kigan n tẓuḍa n waman tizaykutin lli s tt inn ikkan ar sisnt ẓẓaḍn middn aqqayn n uzmmur. ili g usuk ad awd yan ufarnu azayku izdin d yal tlggʷit tlla f wasif n lfwwaṛa.

 ifri n ṛas lma

iga ifri n ṛas lma yan uẓu n tɣrmt n cfcawn akkʷ. acku ifri ad ikkatt inn ig sul  yan uɣbalu n waman n tissi n tɣrmt d waman n tayrza. ig tiddas n tɣrma n cfcawn imlal i usuk n iṣbbann.

abrid n lmɣrib

iga  ubrid n lmɣrib aɣaras mqquṛn g zrayn inmmudda d tmssudutin ar ittawi s ugadaz n tɣrmt anmalass.